The heart and vascular conditions we diagnose and treat, from the common to the rare. Each page covers what the condition is, what causes it, how it is diagnosed and what treatment involves. If you are not yet sure what you have, it is usually easier to start from your symptoms.
The pages here cover both the conditions people are most often referred with, such as coronary artery disease, high blood pressure and atrial fibrillation, and the less common ones that are harder to find clear information about, such as cardiac amyloidosis, Brugada syndrome and myopericarditis.
Each page follows the same shape: what the condition is, what causes it and who it affects, how it is diagnosed, and what treatment involves. Where two conditions are closely related, the pages link across to each other.
They are grouped below by the part of the heart or circulation involved rather than alphabetically, so that related conditions sit together. If you are not sure which group you are looking for, the symptoms section is usually an easier place to start.
Heart rhythm
Conditions where the issue is the rate or the pattern of the heartbeat rather than blood flow through the arteries.
ArrhythmiaArrhythmia is a medical condition characterised by irregular heart rhythms.Read more
Atrial FibrillationAtrial fibrillation (AFib) explained: symptoms, causes, risk factors, complications, diagnosis and treatment options in Singapore. A patient guide.Read more
Atrial FlutterAtrial flutter is a type of arrhythmia, which is an irregular heart rhythm.Read more
TachycardiaTachycardia is a condition characterised by a rapid increase in the heart rate.Read more
BradycardiaBradycardia refers to a condition characterised by a slow heart rate, typically less than 60 beats per minute.Read more
Atrioventricular BlockAtrioventricular (AV) block, or heart block, is a cardiac conduction disorder where the electrical signals between the atria and ventricles are delayed or completely blocked.Read more
Brugada SyndromeBrugada Syndrome is a rare but potentially life-threatening genetic condition that affects the heart’s electrical system.Read more
Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)A fast heart rhythm arising above the ventricles, often causing sudden episodes of a racing heartbeat.Read more
Ventricular TachycardiaA fast rhythm from the heart's lower chambers that can become dangerous and needs prompt assessment.Read more
Ventricular FibrillationA chaotic rhythm in which the heart stops pumping effectively, a cause of sudden cardiac arrest.Read more
Ectopic HeartbeatsEarly extra beats usually felt as skipped, missed or thumping heartbeats.Read more
Sick Sinus SyndromeA malfunction of the heart's natural pacemaker, causing slow, fast or irregular rhythms.Read more
Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (PoTS)An abnormal rise in heart rate on standing, often with dizziness and palpitations.Read moreSudden Cardiac ArrestThe abrupt loss of heart function, requiring immediate CPR and defibrillation.Read moreArteries, cholesterol and blood pressure
Conditions involving the arteries themselves, along with the cholesterol and blood pressure measures used to assess them.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)Coronary artery disease (CAD) is narrowing of the heart's arteries. Learn the symptoms, causes, risk factors and treatment options from Harley Street.Read more
AnginaAngina is a type of pain in the chest that occurs when there is reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.Read more
Heart AttackA heart attack, medically known as a myocardial infarction, is a life-threatening event that occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked for an extended period, causing…Read more
AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis is a condition characterised by hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to the build-up of plaque on the artery walls.Read more
ArteriosclerosisArteriosclerosis is often perceived as a complex medical term, that fundamentally refers to the hardening of the arteries.Read more
High CholesterolCholesterol is often misunderstood.Read more
HyperlipidemiaHyperlipidemia, commonly known as high cholesterol, is a prevalent condition that significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes.Read more
High Blood PressureHigh blood pressure (hypertension) explained: symptoms, causes, risk factors, complications, diagnosis and treatment options in Singapore. A patient guide.Read more
StrokeA stroke is a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced.Read moreHeart muscle and pump function
Conditions affecting the heart muscle and how effectively the heart pumps.
Heart FailureHeart failure (congestive heart failure) means the heart can't pump enough blood. Learn the symptoms, causes and treatment options from Harley Street.Read more
CardiomyopathyCardiomyopathy is a disease affecting the heart muscle, diminishing its ability to pump blood effectively.Read more
CardiomegalyWelcome to The Harley Street’s comprehensive guide to cardiomegaly.Read more
Cardiac AmyloidosisCardiac amyloidosis is a rare but increasingly recognised condition in cardiology.Read more
Cardiogenic ShockLearn about cardiogenic shock causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment, recognize this life-threatening condition, and explore emergency care options.Read moreInflammation and infection
Conditions in which the heart, or the tissue surrounding it, becomes inflamed or infected.
CarditisCarditis is a term that encompasses inflammation of the heart, which can affect any of its layers: the endocardium (inner layer), myocardium (middle muscular layer), or pericardium (outer…Read more
MyocarditisMyocarditis is a cardiac condition characterised by the inflammation of the heart muscle, also known as the myocardium.Read more
PericarditisWhat if you suddenly feel a sharp pain in your chest that worsens when you breathe in or lie down?Read more
MyopericarditisMyopericarditis affects the heart muscle and lining. Learn its causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options to manage the condition effectively.Read more
EndocarditisEndocarditis is a serious condition involving inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves, known as the endocardium.Read more
Cardiac TamponadeCardiac tamponade is a life-threatening medical emergency that requires rapid diagnosis and intervention.Read moreAorta and blood vessels
Conditions affecting the aorta and the wider vascular system.
AneurysmAn aneurysm is a medical condition that can pose a significant risk to your health, often without presenting any noticeable symptoms.Read more
Aortic DiseaseAortic disease encompasses a variety of conditions affecting the aorta, the body’s largest artery.Read moreStructural and congenital
Conditions involving the structure of the heart itself, including differences present from birth.
Atrial Septal DefectAtrial Septal Defect (ASD) is a congenital heart condition that affects thousands of individuals across the globe.Read more
Atrioventricular Septal DefectAtrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD) also known as atrioventricular canal defect or endocardial cushion defect, is a severe congenital heart condition that affects the structure and…Read moreRelated sections
Not sure which condition applies? Start from Symptoms. To read about how a diagnosis is confirmed, see Tests and Investigations, and for what happens next see Treatments.